List Of The Presidents Of The Philippines

Historical Background

List of Presidents Since Independence

The Philippine Islands, comprising Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, have a rich and diverse history that spans over 3,000 years. However, it was only in the late 19th century that the country began to take shape as a nation-state.

Prior to Spanish colonization in 1521, various indigenous tribes inhabited the islands, each with their own distinct culture and customs. The arrival of the Spanish led to the establishment of Manila as the capital city and the introduction of Christianity, particularly Catholicism.

The Philippines remained under Spanish rule for nearly three centuries until it was ceded to the United States in 1898 following the Spanish-American War. This period saw the country experience a significant degree of Americanization, including the adoption of English as an official language.

In 1946, the Philippines gained independence from the United States and began its journey towards nation-building under the leadership of President Manuel Roxas.

List of Presidents Since Independence:

1. Manuel Roxas (1946-1948)
2. Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953)
3. Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957)
4. Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)
5. Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965)
6. Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1986)
7. Corazon Aquino (1986-1992)
8. Fidel Ramos (1992-1998)
9. Joseph Estrada (1998-2001)
10. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2001-2010)
11. Benigno Aquino III (2010-2016)
12. Rodrigo Duterte (2016-2022)

Today, the Philippines continues to evolve as a nation-state with its own unique identity and cultural heritage.

• Emilio Aguinaldo First Philippine Republic (18991901)

The establishment of the _First Philippine Republic_, also known as the **Republika ng Maynila**, marked a significant milestone in the country’s fight for independence against Spanish colonial rule. The **Katipunan**, a secret society founded by Andres Bonifacio, played a crucial role in sparking the revolution that led to the birth of this republic.

The leader who would ultimately emerge as the first president of the First Philippine Republic was **Emilio Aguinaldo**. A key figure in the revolution against Spain, Aguinaldo had previously served as the commander-in-chief of the Katipunan forces during the early stages of the revolution.

On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo declared the establishment of the First Philippine Republic with the _Act of the Declaration of Independence_, which aimed to establish a sovereign government in the Philippines and break away from Spanish colonial rule. This significant event was proclaimed at the **Teatro de Manila** (now known as Teodoro Agoncillo Theater) in the city of **Malolos**, Bulacan.

The First Philippine Republic was initially composed of the provinces of Manila, Cavite, Pampanga, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, and Pangasinan. Aguinaldo’s leadership and vision guided the government of this republic until its eventual downfall in 1901 due to the forces of American colonization.

During his presidency, Aguinaldo implemented various policies aimed at promoting national unity, modernizing the country’s infrastructure, and establishing a centralized government system. However, despite these efforts, the First Philippine Republic ultimately succumbed to the superior military might of the United States and was eventually dissolved.

Aguinaldo would go on to play an important role in shaping the country’s history during the American colonial period, although his presidency of the First Philippine Republic remains a significant chapter in Philippine history.

• Manuel Quezon Commonwealth Government (19351944)

The establishment of the Commonwealth government marked a significant milestone in Philippine history, as it paved the way for the country’s eventual independence from American colonial rule.

In 1934, under the leadership of Manuel Quezon, the first president of the Commonwealth, a new constitution was ratified, which would serve as the foundation of the country’s governance during this period.

Quezon’s administration focused on preparing the Philippines for self-governance and eventual independence from the United States, with the ultimate goal of achieving full sovereignty by 1946.

During his tenure, Quezon implemented various reforms aimed at modernizing the country’s infrastructure, education system, and economy. He also prioritized national defense, recognizing the threat posed by Japan, which eventually invaded the Philippines in December 1941.

The Commonwealth government played a crucial role in World War II, as it served as a symbol of Philippine resistance against Japanese occupation. Despite facing significant challenges, Quezon continued to lead his country from exile in the United States, until his death in 1944.

The 20th-Century Presidents

Key Figures and Major Events

The 20th-century presidents of the Philippines played a significant role in shaping the country’s history during this period. The list includes:

Emilio Aguinaldo (1899-1901): He was the first president of the First Philippine Republic and led the fight for independence against Spain. After the Spanish-American War, the US took control of the Philippines, and Aguinaldo was eventually captured by American forces.

Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition arrived in 1521, marking the beginning of European colonization. However, it wasn’t until the arrival of Spanish conquistadors in the late 16th century that the Philippines became a Spanish colony. The Philippines remained under Spanish rule for more than three centuries before it was ceded to the United States following the Spanish-American War.

Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944): He was the second president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines and led the country’s fight against Japanese occupation during World War II. The US, under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, provided significant military aid to the Philippines but was eventually unable to prevent the fall of Manila.

Marcos was overthrown in 1986 by a people power revolution that restored democracy in the country. He died on September 28, 1989, while serving his fourth term as president, but his family remained influential in politics until Corazon Aquino’s presidency came to an end in 1992.

Elpidio Quirino (1946-1948): After Quezon’s death, Quirino took office and continued the fight against Japan. However, his administration was plagued by corruption scandals and ineffective leadership, ultimately leading to his removal from power.

The presidency of Carlos P. Garcia marked a significant turning point in Philippine history as it began a period of economic growth and national unity under the banner of the “Filipino First” policy.

During his term, Marcos launched several infrastructure projects, including the construction of the Metro Manila skyline and the establishment of Subic Bay Freeport Zone. However, corruption and authoritarianism marred his presidency, leading to widespread criticism from human rights groups and opposition politicians.

Joseph Ejército, a senior police officer who was involved in the Enrile-Macapagal presidential campaign, took over as interim president but handed power back to Marcos after just nine days.

The subsequent administration of Ferdinand Marcos implemented several policies that impacted key sectors such as economy, education and labor. The economic conditions remained dire, with an ongoing trade imbalance, high unemployment rate, food shortages and increasing poverty levels.

When the Japanese began their full-scale invasion in 1941, Quezon was forced to flee Manila for the last time, marking a significant turning point in the war.

The subsequent administration of Emilio Aguinaldo continued until the surrender of Spanish forces in May 1898 and was characterized by fierce fighting between rival groups and an eventual US occupation that lasted more than three decades.

• José P. Laurel Second Philippine Republic (19431945)

The list of the **Presidents of the Philippines** includes several notable individuals who served as the head of state and government during the 20th century. However, one notable omission from this list is José P. Laurel, who served as the President of the Second Philippine Republic from 1943 to 1945.

To understand the significance of José P. Laurel’s presidency, it is essential to contextualize his time in office within the broader framework of World War II and its impact on the Philippines. In December 1941, Japanese forces invaded the Philippines, marking the beginning of a prolonged period of occupation that lasted until August 1945.

During this period, the Commonwealth government of President Manuel L. Quezon was forced to relocate to the United States, leaving a power vacuum in Manila. This void was filled by José P. Laurel, a renowned jurist and politician who had been appointed as the President of the Second Philippine Republic by Japanese forces.

Laurel’s presidency was characterized by a complex web of loyalties and allegiances. While he served as the nominal leader of the Second Philippine Republic, his government was ultimately beholden to Japan. This created significant tension between Laurel’s administration and those Filipinos who had remained loyal to the Commonwealth government in exile.

Despite these challenges, José P. Laurel’s presidency remains an important chapter in Philippine history. His leadership during a time of great turmoil and upheaval provides valuable insights into the complexities of governance under occupation. Additionally, Laurel’s commitment to preserving Filipino sovereignty and culture continues to inspire new generations of Filipinos today.

It is worth noting that José P. Laurel’s legacy has been subject to varying interpretations over the years. Some have criticized his decision to serve as the President of the Second Philippine Republic, viewing it as a betrayal of the Commonwealth government. Others see him as a pragmatist who made difficult choices in order to maintain stability and preserve Filipino lives during a time of great turmoil.

Ultimately, José P. Laurel’s presidency serves as a powerful reminder of the enduring complexities of Philippine history. His commitment to preserving Filipino sovereignty and culture continues to inspire new generations of Filipinos today.

• Sergio Osmeña Interim Government (19441946)

The 20th-century Presidents refer to the heads of state who served as the President of the Philippines from the beginning of the century until its end, spanning nearly six decades.

One of the notable figures in this period was Sergio Osmeña, who played a significant role in shaping the country’s history. He is best known for serving as the Interim Government of the Philippines during World War II, specifically from 1944 to 1946.

Osmeña was born on September 9, 1878, and initially began his public service by joining the Philippine Revolution in 1896. He later became a delegate to the Malolos Congress and even served as the Resident Commissioner to Washington D.C. from 1913 to 1920.

As the Interim Government of the Philippines, Osmeña took over after the liberation of the country from Japanese occupation during World War II. His tenure marked the beginning of a new era for the nation, with a focus on rebuilding and recovering from the devastation caused by the war.

Osmeña’s administration implemented various measures to address the pressing issues facing the country at that time, including establishing a new government, reviving the economy, and promoting social welfare programs. He also played a crucial role in shaping the country’s post-war foreign policy, fostering relations with neighboring countries and seeking international support for rebuilding.

Under Osmeña’s leadership, the Interim Government laid the groundwork for the establishment of the Fourth Republic, which would ultimately lead to the drafting of the 1947 Constitution. His presidency marked a significant milestone in Philippine history, as it paved the way for a more democratic and stable government that has endured to this day.

Despite his passing on October 19, 1961, Sergio Osmeña’s legacy as one of the most influential leaders in Philippine history continues to be felt. His commitment to public service and dedication to rebuilding the nation during its darkest hour have left a lasting impact on the country and its people.

The 20th-century Presidents, including Osmeña, played pivotal roles in shaping the country’s development and progress over the past century. Their contributions serve as a testament to the resilience and determination of the Filipino people and their unwavering commitment to building a better future for generations to come.

• Manuel Roxas Commonwealth Government (1946)

The Philippine government’s transition to a republican form of government took place after World War II. Manuel Roxas, the first president under the 1946 Constitution, played a crucial role in establishing the Commonwealth Government, which served as an interim administration until the inauguration of President Ramon Magsaysay in 1953.

On July 4, 1946, the United States recognized Philippine independence with the signing of the Treaty of Manila. This marked the official end of American rule and the beginning of a new era for the country. Roxas was appointed by US President Harry S. Truman to serve as the first president under the 1946 Constitution.

Roxas’ presidency focused on rebuilding the war-torn economy, establishing a stable government, and promoting national unity. He prioritized the creation of infrastructure projects such as roads, bridges, and airports, which aimed to facilitate economic growth and development in rural areas.

The Roxas administration also emphasized education and healthcare reform. The establishment of the University of the Philippines as a public research university was approved during his term, highlighting the importance of education in nation-building. Moreover, he created the Department of Social Welfare and Development to address social issues such as poverty and health concerns.

Notably, Roxas’ presidency saw significant advancements in trade and commerce. The country’s economy began to recover from the war’s devastating effects, with exports increasing and foreign investments flowing back into the nation. He also strengthened diplomatic relations with other countries, including Japan, China, and Southeast Asian nations.

The legacy of Manuel Roxas lies in his leadership during a period of transition for the Philippines. His administration laid the groundwork for the country’s economic growth and development, as well as its emergence as a major player in international affairs. Today, Roxas is remembered as one of the most significant figures in Philippine history.

The Modern Era Presidents

Transformation and Global Engagement

The Modern Era Presidents, which began with Ferdinand Marcos’ assumption of power in 1965 and ended with Benigno Aquino III’s presidency from 2010 to 2016, witnessed significant transformations in the country, driven largely by global engagement and diplomatic efforts.

Below is a list of the presidents during this era:

Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1986)

Marcos’ presidency was marked by his authoritarian rule, economic growth through infrastructure development and industrialization, but also by human rights abuses, corruption, and eventual ouster during the 1986 EDSA Revolution.

Cory Aquino (1986-1992)

Aquino’s presidency followed Marcos’ ouster and was characterized by her leadership in transition towards democracy, human rights restoration, and economic liberalization, but also by challenges from coup attempts and the collapse of the economy.

Fidel Ramos (1992-1998)

Ramos’ presidency focused on rebuilding and modernizing the country through his “Philippines 2000” development plan, which included economic reform, infrastructure improvement, and social justice programs.

Joseph Estrada (1998-2001)

Estrada’s presidency was cut short by the EDSA II People Power Revolution due to allegations of corruption and abuse of power. His tenure saw attempts at reforming the country’s institutions but was marred by controversy.

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2001-2010)

Arroyo’s presidency was marked by her efforts to stabilize the economy and combat terrorism, as well as to reestablish a strong state amidst the challenges posed by the Abu Sayyaf Group.

Benigno Aquino III (2010-2016)

Aquino’s presidency focused on pushing through economic reform, promoting transparency and good governance, and addressing human rights abuses during his predecessor’s term. His administration was also marked by significant global engagement efforts.

• Elpidio Quirino Sixth President (19481953)

The Modern Era in Philippine presidential history refers to the period from 1946, when the country gained independence from the United States, until the present day.

This era saw a total of five presidents who played significant roles in shaping the nation’s future: Manuel Roxas, Elpidio Quirino, Carlos P. Garcia, Diosdado Macapagal, and Ferdinand Marcos.

Elpidio Quirino, also known as “Ninong,” was the sixth President of the Philippines and served from 1948 to 1953.

Quirino’s presidency marked a period of transition for the country, following the assassination of his predecessor, Manuel Roxas in 1944, during World War II.

At that time, Quirino was Vice President under Roxas and took over as interim President upon his death. He then won the presidential election in 1949 to serve a full term.

During his presidency, Quirino focused on rebuilding the country’s economy, which was severely damaged during World War II. He implemented policies aimed at stimulating economic growth and encouraging foreign investment.

Quirino also oversaw the establishment of several key institutions in the Philippines, including the Central Bank of the Philippines, the National Power Corporation, and the Philippine Veterans Bank.

Furthermore, Quirino played a significant role in strengthening the country’s relations with its neighbors and with the United States. He attended the Manila Treaty Conference in 1949, which led to the establishment of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO).

Despite these achievements, Quirino’s presidency was also marred by controversy. He faced criticism for his alleged involvement in the assassination of President Roxas and for corruption during his term.

Quirino’s term ended in 1953 when he lost his bid for re-election to Ramon Magsaysay, who won a landslide victory. Quirino retired from politics after his loss but remained an influential figure in Philippine society until his death in 1956.

Elpidio Quirino’s legacy as the sixth President of the Philippines remains complex and multifaceted. While he made significant contributions to the country’s development, his presidency was also marked by controversy and scandal.

• Ramon Magsaysay Seventh President (19531957)

The Modern Era Presidents refer to the Presidents of the Philippines from the period after World War II until the present day. This era saw the country transition from a colonial power to an independent nation and experience rapid economic growth, social change, and political turmoil.

One of the key figures in this period was Ramon Magsaysay, who served as the Seventh President of the Philippines from 1953 until his death in 1957. A member of the Nacionalista Party, Magsaysay was a former senator and war hero who had earned the respect of Filipinos for his integrity, honesty, and commitment to public service.

Magsaysay’s presidency is often regarded as one of the most popular and successful periods in Philippine history. He implemented a range of reforms aimed at promoting economic development, reducing corruption, and improving the delivery of basic services such as healthcare and education.

One of Magsaysay’s key initiatives was the establishment of the National Economic Council (NEC), which brought together experts from various fields to develop a comprehensive plan for national development. The NEC played a crucial role in shaping the country’s economic policies and strategies, and its work laid the foundation for future growth and progress.

Magsaysay also took a strong stance against corruption, which was a major problem in the Philippines at that time. He implemented measures to prevent and investigate graft and corruption, and his administration earned a reputation for being tough on corrupt officials.

Tragically, Magsaysay’s life was cut short when he died in a plane crash on March 17, 1957, while en route to investigate reports of communist activity in the southern island of Mindanao. His untimely death sent shockwaves throughout the country and sparked widespread mourning.

Despite his brief time in office, Magsaysay’s legacy continues to inspire Filipinos today. He is remembered as a hero who fought for what was right, even when it meant going against the status quo or challenging powerful interests. His commitment to public service, integrity, and honesty has become a model for future leaders, and his memory serves as a reminder of the importance of good governance and accountability in Philippine politics.

Magsaysay’s impact on the Philippines extends beyond his presidency. He played a key role in shaping the country’s democratic institutions and traditions, and his leadership helped to establish a culture of transparency and accountability in government.

• Diosdado Macapagal Eighth President (19611965)

The Modern Era in the Philippine presidency refers to the period from 1946, when the country gained its independence from the United States, to the present day.

During this era, the Philippines has experienced a significant transformation and growth under the leadership of several presidents who have shaped the country’s history and development.

**Diosdado Macapagal** was the eighth President of the Philippines, serving from April 21, 1961, to December 30, 1965.

Macapagal was a lawyer and politician before entering politics. He served as a member of the House of Representatives and later as a senator, where he played a key role in shaping the country’s policies and laws.

In his presidential campaign, Macapagal campaigned on a platform of reform and modernization, promising to eradicate poverty, improve education, and promote economic growth.

Some of the notable policies and accomplishments of _Diosdado Macapagal_ during his presidency include:

Edsa Revolution**: While Macapagal’s term ended before the revolution occurred, he played a key role in promoting democracy and good governance, which laid the foundation for the EDSA revolution.

Expansion of education: Macapagal implemented policies that aimed to increase access to quality education, especially for the poor and marginalized sectors.

Promoting economic growth: His administration focused on promoting domestic industries, increasing foreign investment, and improving trade relationships with other countries.

Metro Manila**: Macapagal was instrumental in the planning and development of Metro Manila, which is now the country’s main economic hub.

Macapagal’s presidency marked a significant period of transformation for the Philippines. His administration laid the groundwork for future reforms and modernization efforts that continue to shape the country’s growth and development today.

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