11 Greatest Ancient Roman Cities Outside Of Italy

The Roman Empire’s Reach

Expansion and Colonization

The ancient Romans were known for their extensive colonization and expansion efforts, which had a profound impact on the Mediterranean region. As their empire grew, they established numerous cities outside of Italy, often with strategic military objectives in mind.

Here are 11 of the greatest ancient Roman cities outside of Italy

• Aquileia, modern-day Udine, Italy (but historically considered part of the empire’s colony network) – Founded by Julius Caesar in 181 BC, Aquileia was an important military outpost on the Italian-Austrian border.
• Arles, southern France – Established as a Roman settlement in the 1st century AD, Arles was strategically located near the Rhone River and became an important center of trade and commerce.
• Lyon, eastern central France – Founded by Julius Caesar in 43 BC, Lyon ( Lugdunum) played a key role as a major city on the trade routes between Italy, Germany, and Gaul.
• London, England – Known to the Romans as Londinium, London was established around 50 AD and served as a center of commerce and culture in Roman Britain.
• Cologne, western Germany – Founded by the Romans as Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (Cologne) in 15 BC, this city became an important trading hub on the Rhine River.
• Swansea, Wales – Known to the Romans as Moridunum, Swansea was established around AD 75 and served as a center of trade and commerce for Roman Britain’s west coast.
• Bristol, southwest England – Founded by Julius Caesar in AD 48-49 (as Aquestrustium), Bristol later developed into an important port city for Roman Britain’s maritime trade.
• Le Mans, western France – Established as a Roman settlement around the mid-1st century AD, Le Mans became an important center of culture and learning in Gaul.
• Marseille, southeastern France – Founded by Phoenician colonizers before being taken over by the Romans ( Massalia) in 125 BC, Marseille remained one of the empire’s most significant Mediterranean ports.
• St Albans, England – Known to the Romans as Verulamium, St Albans was founded around AD 43 and became a center of learning and culture in Roman Britain.
• Trier, western Germany – Founded by Augustus Caesar (Augusta Treverorum) around 16 BC, Trier (Treviri) served as a key administrative center for the empire’s western provinces.

The ancient Romans were known for their impressive architectural feats and administrative prowess. While they had numerous settlements throughout Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, some cities stood out for their grandeur and historical significance outside of Italy.

One such city was Caesarea Maritima in what is now Israel, built by Herod the Great as a major port city during the Roman period. This strategic location enabled the Romans to control trade between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. Today, it’s a UNESCO World Heritage Site boasting ancient ruins and artifacts.

Another significant city was Philippopolis (modern-day Plovdiv), founded by Philip II of Macedon in what is now Bulgaria. However, it reached its peak under Roman rule when Emperor Trajan built a magnificent forum with an impressive colonnaded street. The city’s unique blend of Roman and Thracian architectural styles has made it one of the most fascinating ancient cities.

Thessaloniki, in northern Greece, was another metropolis that thrived under the Romans. Founded by Thessalonike, sister of Alexander the Great, this bustling port city became a hub for trade and culture between East and West. Today, visitors can walk through the remarkably preserved Roman Forum, admire the impressive Arch of Galerius, or enjoy stunning views from atop the ancient city walls.

Located on the Danube River in present-day Romania stands the fortified settlement of Portus Traiani, a strategic crossroads between Rome and the Eastern provinces. Its grandiose fortifications and remains demonstrate Roman expertise in military engineering.

The once-prosperous city of Nicopolis ad Istrum (now Nicopol) was an important center for commerce and culture during the Roman Empire’s height. Situated near present-day Veliko Turnovo, Bulgaria, the remains of a grand theater, forum, and public baths stand as testaments to its rich history.

Caesarea in Mauritania, now modern-day Chellah near Rabat, Morocco, boasts stunning remnants of ancient Roman architecture, including an impressive forum, temples, and fortifications. Caesarea was a key trading center between the Mediterranean and sub-Saharan Africa during the Roman period.

In what is now Tunisia stands Carthage, another powerful city that rose to fame under the Romans after its decline as a Phoenician colony. With its strategic location overlooking the sea, Carthage became an essential hub for trade, commerce, and military expeditions across North Africa and beyond.

The once-thriving metropolis of Sarmizegetusa Regia (now in Romania) was the capital of the Dacian Kingdom before the Romans conquered it. The imposing remains of stone walls, fortifications, and buildings demonstrate the advanced engineering skills of both the Dacians and later the Romans.

Finally, Hadrianopolis (modern-day Edirne) was a prominent city in what is now Turkey, boasting significant remains from the Roman period, including an impressive forum, public baths, and fortifications. Under Emperor Trajan, it became a key stopover for trade between Asia Minor and Eastern Europe.

These 11 cities showcase the Roman Empire’s grandeur, innovative architecture, administrative prowess, and cultural influence across its vast territories outside of Italy. Their ruins continue to captivate visitors today as powerful reminders of human ingenuity and historical significance.

Britannia: Conquest and Governance

Britannia: Conquest is an expansion pack for the video game Total War: Rome II, released by Creative Assembly in 2015. The campaign focuses on the ancient Roman conquest of Britain during the late Iron Age and early Roman period.

The pack allows players to control the native Celtic tribes as they resist or collaborate with the Roman invasion, while also exploring the impact of Roman culture and governance on the local population.

The 11 Greatest Ancient Roman Cities Outside of Italy in Britannia: Conquest includes

• Londinium (modern-day London): A key trade center and hub for Roman commerce and culture.
• Camulodunum (Colchester): The first city to be founded by the Romans, which would become a major center of governance and politics in Britain.
• Venta Belgarum (Winchester): A strategic location that controlled access to southern Britain.
• Aquae Sulis (Bath): A Roman spa town with thermal springs and temples dedicated to the goddess Sulis Minerva.
• Verulamium (St. Albans): A major center of trade and commerce, known for its extensive villa networks.
• Isca Augusta (Caerleon): A fortified city that served as the Roman capital of Wales.
• Vindolanda: A Roman fortification along Hadrian’s Wall, featuring well-preserved ruins and artifacts.
• Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester): A prominent town in southern Britain with significant archaeological discoveries.
• Londinium’s North Gate: A well-fortified entrance to the city of London during Roman times.
• Durnovaria (Dorchester): A small, fortified settlement and military base within western Britain.
• Portus Lemanis (Lympne): A strategic coastal town with a large harbor and commercial importance for the Romans.
• The game offers an engaging narrative experience that combines historical accuracy with strategic gameplay and player choice, allowing players to shape the course of Roman conquest and governance in Britain.

Morocco: Trade Routes and Economic Influence

Morocco has been an important hub for trade routes throughout its history, with various civilizations contributing to its rich cultural heritage. One of the earliest and most significant trade routes was the Trans-Saharan Trade Route, which connected West Africa to North Africa and the Mediterranean region.

Established in the 7th century BCE, this route played a crucial role in facilitating the exchange of goods such as salt, gold, and ivory between the two regions. The Carthaginians and Phoenicians were prominent players in the Trans-Saharan Trade Route, using it to transport goods like olive oil, wine, and metalwork.

As the Roman Empire expanded its territories, Morocco became an important stopover for trade caravans traveling from Europe and Africa. The Romans established a network of roads and trading posts across North Africa, including the famous Appian Way that connected Rome to Carthage via modern-day Tunisia.

The Moroccan city of Volubilis was an important center for Roman trade and commerce. This ancient city, founded in 30 BCE, was a major stopover for merchants traveling between Europe and Africa. The ruins of Volubilis showcase the impressive engineering and architectural skills of the Romans, with its well-preserved mosaics, basilicas, and triumphal arches.

Some of the most significant trade routes in Morocco include

• The Incense Route: This ancient trade route connected South Arabia to Egypt via North Africa. The Romans were heavily involved in this route, which facilitated the exchange of luxury goods like myrrh and frankincense.
• The Silk Road: Although not as prominent in Morocco as other regions, the Silk Road did have a presence in North Africa. The Romans traded with Chinese merchants along this route, exchanging silk for gold, spices, and metals.
• The African Trade Route : This route connected West Africa to Egypt via North Africa. Merchants from the Ghana Empire and other West African kingdoms used this route to trade goods like salt, gold, and ivory.
• The Mediterranean Trade Route : Morocco was strategically located at the crossroads of the Mediterranean, facilitating trade between Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. The Romans exploited this position to their advantage, establishing a network of roads and trading posts across North Africa.
• The Atlantic Trade Route : With the expansion of the Roman Empire, Morocco became an important stopover for trade caravans traveling between Europe and Africa. The Romans established a network of roads and trading posts across North Africa to facilitate this exchange.
• The Indian Ocean Trade Route : Although less prominent in Morocco than other regions, the Indian Ocean Trade Route did have a presence in North Africa. Merchants from the Roman Empire traded with Indian and Southeast Asian merchants along this route, exchanging goods like spices, textiles, and metals.
• The Transatlantic Trade Route : This route connected Europe to West Africa across the Atlantic Ocean. Although not as prominent in Morocco as other regions, the Romans did have a presence in North Africa, where they traded with West African merchants.

Morocco’s rich cultural heritage is also reflected in its economic influence throughout history. The city of Volubilis was an important center for Roman trade and commerce, showcasing the impressive engineering and architectural skills of the Romans. The Moroccan port city of Tangier was another major hub for trade and commerce during this period.

The most significant economic influences in Morocco include

• Roman Economic Influence: The Romans had a profound impact on the economy of North Africa, introducing new technologies and infrastructure to facilitate trade. The construction of roads, bridges, and canals enabled merchants to transport goods across the region more efficiently.
• Arabic Economic Influence : With the Islamic conquest of North Africa in the 7th century CE, the Arabic language and culture became dominant. Arab traders introduced new technologies and trade routes, which contributed to Morocco’s economic growth during this period.
• Medieval European Economic Influence: During the Middle Ages, European merchants established trade relationships with North African kingdoms, contributing to Morocco’s economic growth. The city of Fez became a major hub for trade and commerce during this period.
• Ottoman Economic Influence : In the 16th century CE, the Ottoman Empire expanded its territories in North Africa, introducing new technologies and trade routes. Moroccan cities like Marrakech and Fez became important centers for trade and commerce during this period.

Morocco has a rich cultural heritage shaped by its complex history of trade routes and economic influences. The Roman, Arabic, and European cultures have all contributed to the country’s unique blend of architectural styles, linguistic traditions, and culinary practices.

The ancient Romans were known for their impressive urban planning, architecture, and engineering skills. They established a vast network of cities across the Mediterranean region, which was then part of the Roman Empire. While Italy is home to many incredible ancient Roman cities like Rome, Pompeii, and Herculaneum, there are several other notable ones located outside of the Italian peninsula. Here are some of the

11 Greatest Ancient Roman Cities Outside of Italy

• Londinium (London) : Founded in 43 AD, London was an important center for trade and commerce in Roman Britain. The city’s strategic location on the River Thames made it a key hub for maritime trade with the rest of Europe.
• Becuma Augusta (Banbury) : Situated in what is now Oxfordshire, England, Becuma Augusta was an important Roman settlement in southern Britain. Excavations have uncovered evidence of a large municipium, which suggests that the town was an important center for trade and administration.
• Venta Belgarum (Winchester) : In what is now Hampshire, England, Venta Belgarum was an important Roman city in southern Britain. The city’s name means “white city” in Latin, which may refer to the white chalk cliffs nearby.
• Augusta Praetoria Salus ( Bristol ): Founded by the Romans in 47 AD, Augusta Praetoria Salus was an important center for trade and commerce in western Britain. The city’s name means “Augustan town of salvation.”
• Aquae Sulis (Bath) : Located in what is now Somerset, England, Aquae Sulis was a major Roman spa town that attracted visitors from all over the empire.
• Eboracum (York) : Founded by the Romans in 71 AD, Eboracum was an important center for trade and commerce in northern Britain. The city’s name means “place of yew trees” in Old English.
• Glevum (Gloucester)
• Located in what is now Gloucestershire, England, Glevum was a major Roman city that served as the capital of the province of Britannia Secunda. Excavations have uncovered evidence of a large municipium, which suggests that the town was an important center for trade and administration.
• Viroconium (Wroxeter) : Situated in what is now Shropshire, England, Viroconium was a major Roman city that served as the capital of the province of Britannia Prima. The city’s name means “settlement of Viricon” in Latin.
• Verulamium (St. Albans) : Located in what is now Hertfordshire, England, Verulamium was a major Roman city that served as the capital of the province of Britannia. Excavations have uncovered evidence of a large municipium, which suggests that the town was an important center for trade and administration.
• Bathum (Chester) : Founded by the Romans in 79 AD, Bathum was an important center for trade and commerce in northern Britain. The city’s name means “Roman fort” in Latin.

Camulodunum (Colchester)

Located in what is now Essex, England, Camulodunum was the first Roman city to be established in Britain, founded by Emperor Claudius in 43 AD. The city’s name means “fortress of Camulos” in Latin.

These cities represent some of the most impressive and significant ancient Roman settlements outside of Italy. Each one offers a unique glimpse into the lives of the Romans who lived there and provides valuable insights into their culture, architecture, and engineering skills.

Cities of Strategic Significance

Border Towns and Fortresses

The ancient Romans were a highly skilled and ambitious people who expanded their empire through various means, including the construction of cities. While Rome’s greatest achievements are often attributed to its Italian counterparts, there existed numerous significant Roman cities beyond the borders of Italy that played crucial roles in the functioning of the empire.

These cities were strategically located along trade routes, bordering territories, and fortresses that protected Roman interests from external threats. They served as centers for commerce, politics, governance, and military power, contributing significantly to Rome’s growth and influence in the ancient world.

In this article, we will explore 11 of the greatest ancient Roman cities outside of Italy, highlighting their significance, importance, and notable characteristics.

Berica (Bulgaria)

Berica was a significant city in the Roman province of Moesia Inferior, located in modern-day Bulgaria. The city’s strategic position along the Danube River facilitated trade and commerce between the East and West.

The remains of Berica’s fortress, which dates back to the 2nd century AD, demonstrate the city’s importance as a military outpost.

Lugdunum (France)

Lugdunum, or modern-day Lyon in France, was a thriving Roman city that served as the capital of the Gaulish provinces and an important commercial center.

The city’s imposing walls and impressive infrastructure, including public baths, temples, and theaters, reflect its significant status within the empire.

Caesarea (Tunisia)

Caesarea Maritima, located on the North African coast in modern-day Tunisia, was an important Roman city that played a critical role in the province’s economic and military activities.

The impressive remains of Caesarea’s theater, which dates back to the 1st century AD, showcase its significance as a center for culture and entertainment.

Ephesus (Turkey)

Ephesus was one of the most prominent Roman cities in Asia Minor, now modern-day Turkey. This bustling metropolis served as an important commercial hub and a center for the worship of various deities.

The magnificent remains of Ephesus’s temple complex and its imposing library demonstrate the city’s grandeur during its heyday.

Cartagena (Spain)

Cartagena, now in modern-day Spain, was a major Roman city that served as the capital of the province of Hispania Carthaginensis. The city’s strategic location on the Mediterranean coast facilitated trade and commerce.

The impressive remains of Cartagena’s forum, including its imposing temples and market stalls, reflect the city’s economic importance within the empire.

Lutetia (France)

Lutetia was a Roman city in modern-day Paris that served as an important center for commerce and politics during the 1st century AD.

The remains of Lutetia’s impressive forum, temples, and public baths showcase its significant status within the empire.

Tarragona (Spain)

Tarragona was a Roman city in modern-day Spain that served as the capital of the province of Tarraconensis. The city’s strategic location on the Mediterranean coast facilitated trade and commerce.

The impressive remains of Tarragona’s amphitheater, which dates back to the 2nd century AD, reflect its importance as a center for entertainment and public events.

Marseille (France)

Marseille was an ancient Greek city that became a significant Roman city in modern-day France. The city’s strategic position on the Mediterranean coast facilitated trade and commerce.

The impressive remains of Marseille’s forum, temples, and public baths showcase its economic importance within the empire.

Cologne (Germany)

Cologne was a Roman city in modern-day Germany that served as an important center for politics, governance, and commerce during the 1st century AD.

The remains of Cologne’s impressive forum, temples, and public baths reflect its significant status within the empire.

Narbonne (France)

Narbonne was a Roman city in modern-day France that served as an important center for commerce and politics during the 1st century AD. The city’s strategic location along the Mediterranean coast facilitated trade and commerce.

The impressive remains of Narbonne’s forum, temples, and public baths showcase its economic importance within the empire.

Bordeaux (France)

Bordeaux was an important Roman city in modern-day France that served as a center for politics, governance, and commerce during the 1st century AD. The city’s strategic position along the Garonne River facilitated trade and commerce.

The remains of Bordeaux’s impressive forum, temples, and public baths reflect its significant status within the empire.

The ancient Romans built cities throughout their vast empire, which stretched from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to Syria. While many of these cities were located within the Italian peninsula, there were also numerous Roman cities established outside of Italy that played significant roles in the empire’s history and culture.

Here are 11 of the greatest ancient Roman cities outside of Italy:

Narbonne (France)
Founded in 118 BC, Narbonne was an important city in southern Gaul (modern-day France) during the Roman period. It served as a major commercial center and a hub for trade with Spain. The city’s strategic location on the Mediterranean coast made it a key stopover for ships traveling between Rome and Britain.

Arles (France)
Located in southern Gaul, Arles was an ancient Roman city that served as the capital of the province of Gallia Narbonensis. Founded in 49 BC by Julius Caesar, the city became a major center of trade and commerce during the Roman period. It is also famous for its impressive amphitheater, which hosted gladiatorial contests and other public events.

London (United Kingdom)
Known to the Romans as Londinium, London was an important city in Roman Britain. Founded around 43 AD, it served as a major commercial center and a hub for trade with Europe. The city’s strategic location on the Thames River made it a key stopover for ships traveling between Rome and Gaul.

Gloucester (United Kingdom)
Located in southern Britain, Gloucester was an ancient Roman city that served as a major commercial center during the Roman period. Founded around 43 AD, it became known for its impressive walls and fortifications, which helped to protect the city from invaders.

Caerleon (United Kingdom)
Located in southern Britain, Caerleon was an important Roman city that served as the capital of the province of Britannia. Founded around 78 AD by Emperor Vespasian, it became a major center of trade and commerce during the Roman period. The city is famous for its impressive amphitheater and the remains of a Roman legionary fortress.

Wroxeter (United Kingdom)
Located in western Britain, Wroxeter was an ancient Roman city that served as a major commercial center during the Roman period. Founded around 71 AD, it became known for its impressive walls and fortifications, which helped to protect the city from invaders.

Colchester (United Kingdom)
Located in eastern Britain, Colchester was an important Roman city that served as the capital of the province of Britannia during the Roman period. Founded around 43 AD by Emperor Claudius, it became a major center of trade and commerce during the Roman period. The city is famous for its impressive walls and fortifications.

Trier (Germany)
Located in modern-day Germany, Trier was an ancient Roman city that served as the capital of the province of Germania Inferior. Founded by Augustus around 16 BC, it became a major center of trade and commerce during the Roman period. The city is famous for its impressive walls, fortifications, and numerous Roman ruins.

Orange (France)
Located in southern Gaul, Orange was an ancient Roman city that served as a major commercial center during the Roman period. Founded by Augustus around 30 BC, it became known for its impressive theater and amphitheater, which hosted public events and gladiatorial contests.

Antioch (Turkey)
Located in modern-day Turkey, Antioch was an ancient Roman city that served as the capital of the province of Syria. Founded by Augustus around 25 BC, it became a major center of trade and commerce during the Roman period. The city is famous for its impressive walls, fortifications, and numerous Roman ruins.

These cities were all important centers of Roman culture, politics, and commerce during the ancient era, and their legacies can still be seen today in their preserved buildings and artifacts.

Aquincum (modernday Budapest): A Roman Bridgehead

Aquincum was a significant Roman settlement located on the Danube River, which is now modern-day Budapest, Hungary. This ancient city played a crucial role as a

Roman bridgehead, serving as a military base and an important hub for trade and commerce.

Established in the 1st century AD during the reign of Emperor Trajan, Aquincum was a key outpost of the Roman Empire, strategically situated at the confluence of two rivers: the Danube and the Ráckeve River. This location provided a vital crossing point over the Danube and allowed for easy access to the surrounding territories.

The city’s history is closely tied to the Roman legions that occupied it, with the presence of various military units and their fortifications dominating the landscape. The most prominent feature of Aquincum was its

amphitheater, which hosted public events such as gladiatorial contests and animal hunts.

Beyond its military significance, Aquincum also boasted impressive civic structures, including a large

theatrum (theatre) and several temples dedicated to the Roman gods. The city’s infrastructure included an extensive network of roads, bridges, and aqueducts that supported its growth and development.

The archaeological excavations at Aquincum have uncovered a wealth of artifacts and ruins that provide valuable insights into life in ancient Rome outside of Italy. These finds include mosaics, frescoes, and other architectural details that showcase the artistic and cultural achievements of the Roman Empire.

Aquincum’s importance as a

Roman city lies not only in its historical significance but also in its influence on the development of subsequent cultures in the region. The city played a significant role in shaping the architecture, art, and politics of Central Europe during the Roman period and beyond.

In conclusion, Aquincum stands as one of the greatest ancient Roman cities outside of Italy, offering a unique window into the history, culture, and achievements of the Roman Empire. Its well-preserved ruins and archaeological finds provide an unparalleled opportunity to explore the daily life, traditions, and values of people living under Roman rule in a distant province.

Aquincum’s legacy extends far beyond its own walls, influencing the course of European history and leaving behind a rich cultural heritage that continues to inspire and fascinate us today.

Here are some key facts about Aquincum

• Name  The city’s name is derived from the Celtic tribe that inhabited the area before the Roman conquest.

• Founding Date Aquincum was established in the 1st century AD, during the reign of Emperor Trajan.

• Location The city was situated on the Danube River, which is now modern-day Budapest, Hungary.

• Military Significance Aquincum served as a key military base and bridgehead for Roman legions in Central Europe.

• Cultural AchievementsThe city boasted impressive civic structures, including an amphitheater, theatrum, and several temples dedicated to the Roman gods.

Viminacium (modernday Kostolac, Serbia): A Provincial Capital

The ancient city of Viminacium, located in modern-day Kostolac, Serbia, was a significant

Provincial Capital in the Roman Empire. It is ranked as one of the 11 greatest ancient Roman cities outside of Italy.

Viminacium was founded during the reign of Emperor Augustus and became an important administrative center in the province of Moesia Superior, which included parts of present-day Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Bulgaria.

The city’s strategic location on the Danube River made it a crucial hub for trade, commerce, and military operations. It was situated near the confluence of the Great Morava and Mlava rivers, which provided easy access to the Danube River and connected it to other major cities in the Roman Empire.

Excavations at Viminacium have uncovered a vast array of archaeological remains, including amphitheaters, temples, markets, public baths, and a large forum. The city’s layout was typical of many ancient Roman cities, with a central forum surrounded by important buildings such as the basilica, temples, and shops.

Viminacium was also an important center for military activities, with several fortifications and barracks discovered in the excavations. It is believed that the Legio IV Flavia Felix (4th Felix Legion) was stationed in Viminacium during the Roman period.

The city’s defensive walls were constructed around the 3rd century AD, with a total length of approximately 2 kilometers. The walls consisted of stone and brick layers, with towers at regular intervals for surveillance and defense.

Viminacium’s significance is further emphasized by the discovery of several

Roman inscriptions and catacombs, which provide valuable information about the city’s history, culture, and daily life. The inscriptions mention various officials, dignitaries, and soldiers who served in Viminacium.

Unfortunately, the city of Viminacium was devastated by a massive fire in the 4th century AD, which led to its eventual decline and abandonment. Despite its decline, Viminacium remains an important archaeological site and a testament to the

Roman legacy in the region.

The site has undergone several excavations and restorations since its discovery in the 19th century. Today, it is a protected cultural heritage site in Serbia, attracting visitors interested in history, archaeology, and ancient Roman culture.

The ancient Romans were a highly influential and expansive people who established numerous cities throughout the Mediterranean region. While many are familiar with Rome, the Eternal City that serves as the capital of modern-day Italy, there were several other Roman settlements that played significant roles in the history of the empire. These cities, which can be found in present-day France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and Spain, showcase the architectural and engineering prowess of the ancient Romans.

The first city to consider is Vienne (modern-day Vienne, France), which was a significant trading hub that straddled the Rhône River. Founded by Julius Caesar’s legions in 47 BCE, it would become an important center for the production of wine and olive oil. The Romans invested heavily in its infrastructure, building numerous public buildings, roads, and fortifications.

Narbonne (also in modern-day France) was another key Roman city that served as a major port on the Mediterranean coast. Established by Julius Caesar in 118 BCE, it flourished under Roman rule, becoming an important center for trade and commerce. The remains of its impressive theater, forum, and triumphal arch provide testament to the advanced engineering capabilities of the Romans.

Strasbourg (now part of modern-day France but then a major city within the Roman province of Germania Superior) was strategically situated on the eastern bank of the Rhine River. Founded by the Roman general Drusus in 12 BCE, it became an important center for trade between Rome and the Germanic tribes. The remains of its well-preserved forum, theater, and aqueduct demonstrate the enduring legacy of Roman engineering.

Besançon (in modern-day France), originally known as Vesontio, was another significant Roman settlement that straddled the Doubs River. Founded by Julius Caesar in 52 BCE, it served as an important hub for trade and commerce with the surrounding regions. The remains of its impressive forum and theater showcase the Romans’ commitment to providing infrastructure for their growing population.

Worms (now part of modern-day Germany) was a significant Roman settlement that flourished along the Rhine River. Founded by the Roman general Tiberius in 14 BCE, it became an important center for trade between Rome and the Germanic tribes. The remains of its impressive forum and triumphal arch provide testament to the advanced engineering capabilities of the Romans.

Augusta Raurica (in modern-day Switzerland) was another significant Roman settlement that flourished along the Rhine River. Founded by the Roman general Tiberius in 15 BCE, it became an important center for trade between Rome and the Germanic tribes. The remains of its impressive forum, theater, and triumphal arch demonstrate the enduring legacy of Roman engineering.

Linz (in modern-day Austria) was a significant Roman settlement that flourished along the Danube River. Founded by the Roman general Tiberius in 15 BCE, it became an important center for trade between Rome and the Germanic tribes. The remains of its impressive forum, theater, and triumphal arch showcase the Romans’ commitment to providing infrastructure for their growing population.

Martorat (in modern-day Austria) was another significant Roman settlement that flourished along the Danube River. Founded by the Roman general Tiberius in 15 BCE, it became an important center for trade between Rome and the Germanic tribes. The remains of its impressive forum and theater provide testament to the advanced engineering capabilities of the Romans.

Merida (in modern-day Spain) was a significant Roman settlement that flourished along the Guadiana River. Founded by Augustus in 27 BCE, it became an important center for trade between Rome and the Iberian Peninsula. The remains of its impressive forum, theater, and triumphal arch demonstrate the enduring legacy of Roman engineering.

Tarragona (also in modern-day Spain) was another significant Roman settlement that flourished along the Mediterranean coast. Founded by the Roman general Scipio in 218 BCE, it became an important center for trade between Rome and the Iberian Peninsula. The remains of its impressive forum, theater, and triumphal arch provide testament to the advanced engineering capabilities of the Romans.

These cities showcase the impressive architectural and engineering feats achieved by the ancient Romans as they expanded their empire across Europe. Each city demonstrates a unique aspect of Roman civilization, from their commitment to providing infrastructure for their growing population to their dedication to building impressive public buildings that served as testaments to their power and influence.

Roman Architectural Achievements Abroad

Temples, Amphitheaters, and Public Buildings

The ancient Romans were masters at building impressive structures that still stand the test of time, and outside of Italy, there are numerous cities that boast some of the most spectacular Roman-era buildings. Here are 11 of the greatest ancient Roman cities outside of Italy:

Trier, Germany – Once the capital of the Roman province of Belgica, Trier boasts an impressive collection of Roman ruins, including the famous Imperial Baths and the Porta Nigra, a well-preserved city gate.

Lyon, France – This ancient Roman town was known as Lugdunum and was an important center of trade and commerce. Its most notable feature is the Theatre of Fourvière, a stunning amphitheater built into a hillside.

Augusta Raurica, Switzerland – Founded by the Romans in 47 BC, this archaeological site boasts the remains of a Roman forum, theater, and amphitheater, as well as a number of other important buildings.

Tongeren, Belgium – This city was once a major Roman center known as Atuatuca Tungrorum and features several impressive ruins, including a Roman basilica, amphitheater, and forum.

Vindonissa, Switzerland – Another important Roman town in Switzerland, Vindonissa boasts the remains of a Roman fortress, theater, and numerous other buildings.

Aalen, Germany – This ancient Roman city was known as Augusta Vangiones and features several well-preserved ruins, including a Roman forum, theater, and amphitheater.

Liebenau, Austria – Located near the town of Leoben, this archaeological site features the remains of a Roman villa, baths, and other buildings.

Bergen, Norway – While not as well-known for its Roman ruins as some other cities on this list, Bergen boasts an impressive collection of Roman artifacts and has been designated as one of the most important archaeological sites in Scandinavia.

Ostia Antica, Romania – Not to be confused with the better-known Ostia Antica near Rome, this ancient Roman city was known as Tomis and features several impressive ruins, including a Roman theater, forum, and amphitheater.

Dobrich, Bulgaria – This ancient Roman town was known as Debeltos and boasts an impressive collection of Roman ruins, including a forum, basilica, and numerous other buildings.

Carnuntum, Austria – One of the most famous Roman cities in Europe outside of Italy, Carnuntum features several well-preserved ruins, including a Roman amphitheater, forum, and palace.

The ancient Romans were known for their impressive architectural feats, engineering skills, and ability to establish thriving cities across the vast territories they controlled. While Rome itself is the most famous ancient city associated with the Roman Empire, there are several other remarkable Roman cities located outside of Italy that showcase the ingenuity and grandeur of this civilization.

One of these cities is Thessaloniki in northern Greece. Founded by Cassander, a Macedonian king, around 315 BCE, Thessaloniki became a significant commercial hub under Roman rule in the late 2nd century CE. The city boasts numerous well-preserved ancient ruins, including the impressive Rotunda (also known as the Church of Hagia Sophia), which dates back to the 3rd century CE.

Another notable city is Plovdiv in southern Bulgaria. Originally a Thracian settlement, Plovdiv was conquered by the Romans and transformed into a thriving metropolis during their rule from the 1st century BCE to the 5th century CE. Today, the city retains much of its ancient charm with well-preserved Roman architecture, including several impressive ruins like the amphitheater, theater, and forum.

In North Africa lies Leptis Magna in Libya. This stunning coastal city was founded by Phoenician colonizers but was significantly expanded and developed during the Roman period from the 1st century BCE to the 2nd century CE. The ruins of Leptis Magna include a well-preserved theater, amphitheater, forum, and several beautifully preserved residential areas.

Tripoli in Libya is another important ancient Roman city that has witnessed significant development under Roman rule from the 1st century BCE to the 5th century CE. Today, Tripoli boasts various historical landmarks like the Al-Mansura Mosque built on top of a Roman basilica and the ruins of a magnificent theater.

Merida in Spain is renowned for its rich collection of ancient Roman monuments. This city was an important stopover during the conquests of the Roman Empire’s most illustrious leaders, including Julius Caesar. Merida boasts several well-preserved sites such as the Amphitheatre, which could seat up to 15,000 people.

Cordoba in southern Spain is another city steeped in rich history dating back to ancient Rome. Founded by the Romans in the 2nd century BCE and transformed into a vibrant center of Roman culture over time, Cordoba was the capital of the Roman province of Baetica during the late Republic period.

Nîmes (or Nemausus) is an important historical city located in the Occitanie region of France. Founded by the Romans in the 2nd century BCE and significantly expanded under their rule from the 1st to the 3rd centuries CE, Nîmes boasts numerous impressive Roman monuments such as the Magne Tower.

Aspendos in modern-day Turkey was an ancient Roman city known for its incredible architecture. It is famous for having one of the world’s best-preserved amphitheaters, which still hosts performances during cultural festivals today. Under Roman rule, Aspendos served as a significant center of commerce and trade.

The historic city of Perge in Turkey was once an important stop on the Silk Road and a significant center of culture under Roman rule from the 1st to the 5th century CE. Today, visitors can explore numerous well-preserved ancient sites such as the Roman theater and forum.

Caesarea Maritima is another historically significant city located in modern-day Israel on the Mediterranean coast. Founded by Herod the Great during his reign from 37 BCE to 4 BCE, this coastal city became a vital hub under Roman rule. Today, it boasts an impressive collection of ancient ruins including an amphitheater and well-preserved harbor structures.

Each of these cities is a testament to the engineering prowess and architectural legacy left behind by the ancient Romans, showcasing the enduring power of their civilization that continues to captivate and inspire us today.

Londinium’s Temple of Mithras: An Underwater Discovery

The discovery of the London Temple of Mithras in 1954 was a groundbreaking archaeological find that revealed an ancient Roman temple hidden beneath the streets of Londinium (modern-day London).

Built around 240-250 AD, the London Temple of Mithras is one of only four known temples dedicated to the Persian god Mithras in Britain.

The temple was first discovered by a construction crew in 1954 while excavating for a new office building at 11 Walbrook.

Archaeologists have been able to reconstruct much of what life must have been like inside this ancient place of worship.

Built over a series of Roman buildings, the temple was constructed with stone walls and topped with a tiled roof.

One of the most striking features of the London Temple of Mithras is the beautifully preserved mosaics that adorn its floors.

The largest mosaic depicts a bull-slaying scene, a key part of the Mithras myth in which the god slays the sacred bull.

In addition to the temple itself, archaeologists have found numerous artifacts and relics scattered throughout the site.

Some of the most notable finds include ancient coins, pottery shards, and pieces of jewelry.

The London Temple of Mithras provides a unique glimpse into life in Londinium during the Roman era.

Below are some key facts about the London Temple of Mithras:

• Location: 11 Walbrook, London
• Date of construction: circa 240-250 AD
• Type of temple: Mithraeum
• Main deity: Mithras
• Notable features: Bull-slaying mosaic, stone walls, tiled roof
• Archaeological significance: Provides insight into life in Londinium during the Roman era

The London Temple of Mithras is now preserved and displayed as a museum exhibit.

Timgad (modernday Algeria): A Planned City with Roman Architectural Elements

Timgad, a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in modern-day Algeria, is an exemplary example of a well-planned city that showcases the architectural elements of the ancient Romans. Constructed in 100 AD, Timgad was designed by the Roman Emperor Trajan as a provincial capital to commemorate his victorious campaigns against the Dacians.

Designed by a team of Roman engineers and architects, Timgad’s master plan featured a grid-like layout with straight streets that intersected at right angles. This innovative design allowed for maximum accessibility, efficient urban planning, and clear separation between residential, commercial, and public spaces.

The city’s central axis features an impressive forum, surrounded by grand buildings such as temples, basilicas, and civic offices. These structures were built with the finest Roman materials, including marble, travertine, and granite, which gave them a stunning aesthetic appearance that reflected the power and wealth of the Roman Empire.

The layout of Timgad also featured extensive public works, including a system of aqueducts, fountains, and a large forum fountain. This comprehensive infrastructure provided clean water supply to the city’s residents and created vibrant public spaces for social gatherings, commerce, and civic events.

The urban design of Timgad was deeply influenced by the principles of Roman architecture, which emphasized functionality, proportion, and harmony with the surrounding environment. As such, the city’s buildings and structures were designed to blend seamlessly into their natural surroundings, while also reflecting the grandeur and majesty of Rome.

Timgad is notable not only for its impressive architectural elements but also for its historical significance as a testament to the enduring legacy of the Roman Empire. In 2006, Timgad was recognized as one of the “11 Greatest Ancient Roman Cities Outside of Italy” by the Italian government in recognition of its historical importance and cultural value.

The city’s impressive archaeological sites have been extensively excavated and preserved, providing valuable insights into life in ancient Rome and its vast territorial reach. Visitors to Timgad can explore the remains of this once-great city, including its forum, basilica, theater, temples, and private homes, all while learning about the history and culture that shaped the lives of Romans living in this African province.

Today, Timgad stands as a poignant reminder of the Roman Empire’s far-reaching influence on urban planning, architecture, and engineering. As a UNESCO World Heritage Site, it continues to inspire wonder and awe in visitors from around the world who come to experience its grandeur and majesty firsthand.

Listed below are some key features of Timgad

• Grid-like layout with straight streets and right-angled intersections
• Central forum surrounded by temples, basilicas, and civic offices
• Comprehensive system of aqueducts, fountains, and public water supply
• Extensive use of Roman materials such as marble, travertine, and granite
• Innovative design that reflects the power and wealth of the Roman Empire

Timgad’s rich history and impressive archaeological sites make it an unmissable destination for anyone interested in ancient Rome and its legacy. This magnificent city continues to captivate visitors from around the world with its grandeur, majesty, and enduring cultural significance.

The ancient Romans were renowned for their impressive architectural feats, expansive empire, and rich cultural heritage. While many associate ancient Rome with the city of Rome itself, located in modern-day Italy, the Roman Empire’s reach extended far beyond its Italian borders.

In this list, we’ll explore the 11 greatest ancient Roman cities outside of Italy, showcasing their significance, historical importance, and enduring legacy.

Tunis (Tunisia)

Tunis was a major city in the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis, strategically situated at the mouth of the Great Medjerda River. The city’s ancient ruins include several impressive Roman mosaics and a well-preserved Roman forum.

Leptis Magna (Libya)

This once-thriving port city in modern-day Libya was an important center for trade, commerce, and culture. Leptis Magna boasts some of the best-preserved ancient Roman architecture outside of Italy, including a stunning theater, forum, and triumphal arch.

Dura-Europos (Syria)

This ancient city was strategically located along the Euphrates River and served as an important military outpost for the Romans. Its well-preserved ruins feature impressive examples of Roman architecture, including a fortress, temples, and a theater.

Hippo Regius (Algeria)

This ancient city was once the capital of the Roman province of Numidia and boasts an impressive collection of well-preserved Roman ruins. Visitors can explore the remains of a forum, basilica, and several temples.

Londinium (London, England)

While much of London’s ancient past has been lost to time, archaeological excavations have uncovered remnants of a thriving Roman settlement, including the remains of a forum, theater, and temple.

York (England)

This historic city was an important center for trade and commerce under Roman rule and boasts several impressive ancient structures, including a well-preserved Roman fortress and a massive stone wall.

Trier (Germany)

This former Roman provincial capital is home to some of the most impressive ancient Roman ruins outside of Italy. Visitors can explore the remains of an imperial palace, forum, and several temples.

Antioch (Turkey)

This historic city was once a major center for culture, trade, and learning under Roman rule. Its ancient ruins feature impressive examples of architecture, including a massive amphitheater and several temples.

Marseille (France)

As one of the oldest cities in France, Marseille has a rich history dating back to ancient Roman times. Visitors can explore the remains of a forum, theater, and several temples.

Istanbul (Turkey)

This vibrant city was once known as Byzantium during its time under Roman rule. The city’s historic district features impressive examples of ancient Roman architecture, including several well-preserved aqueducts and the remains of a massive forum.

Carthage (Tunisia)

This former Phoenician colony was later taken over by the Romans and became an important center for trade, commerce, and culture. Its ancient ruins feature impressive examples of Roman architecture, including several well-preserved aqueducts and a massive amphitheater.

These 11 cities showcase the enduring legacy of ancient Rome, demonstrating the empire’s impressive architectural achievements, rich cultural heritage, and significant historical importance.

Sites of Ancient Conflict and Power Struggles

Wars, Revolts, and the Fall of Empires

The ancient Romans established colonies throughout their vast empire, with many cities flourishing outside of Italy. One of the greatest civilizations to emerge from this legacy is the city of Cartagena, located on the Iberian Peninsula (present-day Spain and Portugal). Founded by the Romans in 227 BC as Qart Hadasht, it served as a crucial base for their expansion into Africa.

Another significant settlement was Cordoba, founded by the Romans around 143 BC as Corduba. It became an essential center for trade and commerce, eventually growing into one of the largest cities in the empire. After the fall of Rome, Cordoba experienced a resurgence during the Moorish occupation, becoming a key hub for Islamic learning and culture.

The Roman city of Merida, founded by Emperor Augustus around 25 BC as Emerita Augusta, served as a significant military outpost on the northern border of the empire. It developed into a thriving commercial center and administrative hub, boasting impressive architecture that included the stunning Temple of Diana and the Amphitheater.

Cuenca, founded in 56 BC by General Pompey during his campaign against the Carthaginians, became an important stronghold for the Romans on the Iberian Peninsula. It was also a key center for Roman culture and learning, home to several notable writers and philosophers who studied there.

The ancient city of Girona, founded around 70 BC by the Romans as Gerunda, served as a significant commercial hub and military base in the region of Catalonia. Its impressive walls, still standing today, demonstrate the Roman engineering prowess that enabled the construction of such extensive fortifications.

Founded by the Romans in 29 BC, Lugo emerged as an essential stronghold for the empire’s northern border against the Celtic tribes. It developed into a significant commercial center and administrative hub, boasting impressive architecture including the Roman Wall and the Temple of Hercules.

The city of Tarragona, founded by the Romans around 217 BC as Tarraco, served as a crucial naval base and commercial hub on the Mediterranean coast. Its extensive history includes stints under Roman, Visigothic, and Moorish rule, with each successive culture leaving its mark on the city’s architecture.

The ancient Roman settlement of Valencia, founded in 138 BC by the Romans as Valentia, became a significant stronghold against the Carthaginians during the Punic Wars. After falling to the Moors in the Middle Ages, it experienced a resurgence and developed into one of Spain’s major cities.

Founded by the Romans around 206 BC, Zaragoza emerged as a crucial base for their expansion into the Iberian Peninsula. Its extensive history includes stints under Roman, Visigothic, and Moorish rule, with each successive culture contributing to its rich cultural heritage.

The ancient city of Vich, founded in 88 BC by General Sertorius during his campaign against the Romans, served as a key center for Roman culture and learning. Its impressive architecture includes several notable ruins from the Roman era, such as the remains of a Roman theatre.

The ancient Romans were known for their architectural achievements and widespread conquests, which led to the establishment of numerous cities across various territories. While many are aware of Rome’s significance, several other ancient Roman cities played vital roles in shaping the empire’s history.

These cities often served as strategic military outposts, administrative centers, or hubs for trade and commerce. Here are some of the

Greatest Ancient Roman Cities outside of Italy:

Alesia (France)

In what is now modern-day France, Alesia was a significant city founded by the Romans in 52 BCE during the conquest of Gaul. Strategically located on a hilltop, it offered a commanding view of the surrounding countryside and played a crucial role in Julius Caesar’s victory over the Gallic leader Vercingetorix.

Colchester (United Kingdom)

This ancient Roman city, known as Camulodunum, was founded by Emperor Claudius in 43 CE. As one of Britain’s earliest urban centers, it served as a major commercial and administrative hub for the Roman occupation. The city boasts numerous archaeological remains, including an impressive amphitheater.

London (United Kingdom)

The ancient Roman city of Londinium was founded around 43 CE and quickly grew into one of Britain’s largest urban centers. Strategically located on the River Thames, it facilitated trade and commerce between the Romans and local Celtic tribes. Excavations have revealed extensive archaeological evidence, including a significant portion of London Wall.

Newcastle upon Tyne (United Kingdom)

Founded by Hadrian in 122 CE as Pons Aelius, Newcastle played a crucial role in the Roman occupation of Britain. The city’s strategic location near Hadrian’s Wall ensured its importance as a fortified military outpost and gateway to the north.

Trier (Germany)

This ancient Roman city, founded by Augustus in 16 BCE, served as the capital of the Roman province of Germania Inferior. Trier boasts numerous architectural marvels, including an impressive Imperial Palace that rivaled those in Rome itself.

Antioch (Turkey)

Founded by Seleucus I Nicator in 300 BCE and later occupied by the Romans, Antioch served as a major center for trade and commerce. Strategically located on the Orontes River, it played a crucial role in the Roman Empire’s relations with Eastern nations.

Philadelphia (Jordan)

Founded by Herod the Great in 25 BCE and later occupied by the Romans, Philadelphia served as an administrative center for the Roman province of Palaestina. Archaeological evidence has revealed extensive remains, including a significant portion of the city’s original wall.

Chester (United Kingdom)

This ancient Roman city, known as Deva Victrix, was founded by Agricola in 70 CE during the conquest of Britain. Strategically located near the Welsh border, it served as a fortified military outpost and administrative center for the Roman occupation.

St Albans (United Kingdom)

The ancient Roman city of Verulamium was founded by the Romans in 43 CE. Located in what is now modern-day St Albans, it played a significant role in the Roman occupation of Britain and boasts numerous archaeological remains, including an impressive Roman theatre.

York (United Kingdom)

This ancient Roman city, known as Eboracum, was founded by the Romans in 71 CE. Strategically located at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss, it served as a major commercial and administrative hub for the Roman occupation and boasts numerous archaeological remains.

Each of these cities played a vital role in shaping the ancient Roman Empire’s history and legacy. Their architectural achievements and strategic locations continue to fascinate historians and archaeologists today.

Aquileia’s Role in the Pannonian Wars: A City at the Crossroads

Aquileia, a city located in what is now northeastern Italy near the Slovenian border, played a pivotal role in the Pannonian Wars. This ancient Roman city was situated at the crossroads of important trade routes and military highways, making it a crucial strategic location for the Roman Empire. The Pannonian Wars were a series of conflicts fought by the Romans against various barbarian tribes in what is now modern-day Hungary and surrounding regions.

The Pannonian Wars began in 12 BC, when Emperor Augustus launched a campaign to conquer the territories inhabited by the Pannonii and other neighboring tribes. The Roman army, led by Augustus’ trusted generals, initially faced stiff resistance from the local populations but eventually gained the upper hand due to their superior military training and organization.

Aquileia served as a key hub for the Roman military efforts in the region. Its strategic location allowed for the city to act as a base of operations for the Roman legions, providing access to essential supplies and resources necessary for conducting large-scale military campaigns. The city’s port on the Adriatic Sea also facilitated the transportation of troops and goods to and from the combat zones.

Throughout the Pannonian Wars, Aquileia was an important center of administrative control for the Roman Empire in the region. As such, it played a crucial role in facilitating communication between the imperial authorities and the various military commanders engaged on the ground. This ensured that orders were carried out effectively and swiftly, ultimately contributing to the success of the Roman military campaigns.

The city’s significance during this period is also reflected in its aediles, who oversaw various aspects of public works, including infrastructure development and public amenities. Aquileia’s aediles were instrumental in maintaining law and order within the city, which served as an essential support for the Roman military efforts.

The Pannonian Wars had a profound impact on the growth and prosperity of Aquileia. Following the wars, the city experienced significant economic expansion, driven by increased trade activity with neighboring regions. Its strategic location allowed it to become a major hub for trade and commerce in the region, cementing its status as one of the most important cities in the Roman Empire.

The legacy of Aquileia’s role during the Pannonian Wars is still evident today. The city’s unique blend of architectural styles reflects its importance as a crossroads of cultures and empires. Its stunning mosaics, intricate frescoes, and majestic basilicas are testaments to the enduring impact of this pivotal period in history on the city.

Aquileia’s story is an essential chapter in the narrative of Roman conquests outside of Italy. By examining its role during the Pannonian Wars, we gain valuable insights into the complexities of Roman military strategy and administrative control, ultimately contributing to a deeper understanding of this critical period in ancient history.

Thessaloniki’s Siege: The Last Stand against the Goths

The city of Thessaloniki, located in northern Greece, has a rich and complex history that spans over 2,000 years. One significant event in its past is the Siege of Thessaloniki by the Goths, which took place in 378 AD. This was a pivotal moment in the history of the city and had far-reaching consequences for the Roman Empire.

The Goths were a powerful tribe that originated from Scandinavia and had been raiding the Eastern Roman Empire’s borders since the early 3rd century AD. They were known for their ferocity and skill in battle, making them a formidable opponent for the Romans.

In 378 AD, the Goths launched a massive invasion of Thessaloniki, which was then one of the largest and most important cities in the Eastern Roman Empire. The city’s defenses, led by Emperor Valens, put up a fierce resistance against the Goth invaders.

Despite being outnumbered, the Romans held their ground for several days before finally succumbing to the Goths’ relentless attacks. According to historical accounts, the siege was brutal and devastating, with both sides suffering heavy casualties.

The fall of Thessaloniki marked a turning point in the history of the Roman Empire. It was one of the first major defeats suffered by the Romans at the hands of a barbarian tribe, and it paved the way for further Gothic invasions into the empire’s territories.

The 11 Greatest Ancient Roman Cities Outside of Italy include

• Aquileia, located in modern-day Italy but was once part of the Roman province of Dalmatia (modern-day Croatia)
• Salona, now known as Solin, a coastal city in modern-day Croatia
• Naples, which was founded by the Greeks and later became a major Roman city
• Palestrina, an ancient town located near Rome
• Turin, which was an important Roman settlement in what is now northwest Italy
• Verona, which was once a major Roman city and the site of many significant events in Roman history
• Milan, which was an important Roman city and the capital of the Western Roman Empire for a time
• Trieste, a coastal city located near the border with Slovenia, which has a rich history dating back to ancient times
• Sirmium, an ancient town in what is now modern-day Serbia that was once an important center of Roman power
• Carnuntum, a former Roman city located near the Danube River in modern-day Austria

The ancient Romans left an indelible mark on the world with their remarkable architectural, cultural, and administrative achievements. While Rome itself is a treasure trove of history, there are numerous cities beyond Italy that were heavily influenced by or even founded by the Romans.

These cities not only showcase the grandeur of Roman engineering but also provide valuable insights into the daily lives, politics, and traditions of ancient civilizations. In this article, we will explore 11 of the greatest ancient Roman cities outside of Italy.

Tarragona, Spain

Tarragona, a city located on the Mediterranean coast of Catalonia, was an important Roman port and administrative center in the province of Hispania Tarraconensis. The city boasts stunning examples of Roman architecture, including the Roman Forum, Amphitheatre, and the remains of a 2nd-century AD aqueduct.

Lyon, France

Lyon, one of the largest cities in ancient Gaul, was an important commercial center and a significant military outpost for the Romans. The city’s Roman ruins include the Théâtre Romain de Fourvière, the Basilica of Saint-Martin d’Ainay, and several Roman mosaics.

Nîmes, France

Nîmes, in southern France, was a major Roman city known for its impressive Amphitheatre of Nîmes, which still hosts concerts and festivals today. Other notable Roman landmarks include the Maison Carrée temple and the ruins of a 1st-century AD forum.

Athens, Greece

Athens, though not exclusively a Roman city, was heavily influenced by Roman culture during the Byzantine period. The Acropolis of Athens, with its stunning Parthenon temple, is an iconic representation of Greek and Roman architectural styles.

Berlin, Germany (Romanicised as Berolinum)

The area that is now modern-day Berlin was settled by the Romans in the 1st century AD, who named it Berolinum. Although few Roman ruins remain, archaeological finds indicate a significant Roman presence and cultural influence.

Aosta, Italy (though geographically near the Italian border, it is part of the Roman province of Augusta Praetoria Salassorum)

The city of Aosta in northwest Italy was a key Roman settlement and administrative center during the reign of Augustus. The city’s well-preserved Roman ruins include the Roman Theatre, Arch of Augustus, and several ancient temples.

Caerleon, Wales, UK (Romanised as Isca Augusta)

Caerleon, a Roman fort in southwest Wales, was an important military base during the Roman occupation of Britain. The site features the remains of the Amphitheatre, Basilica, and the Isca Baths.

Dijon, France (Romanicised as Divio)

Dijon in eastern France was an important Roman city known for its well-preserved Roman ruins, including a theatre, forum, and several temples. The site is now home to the Musée Archéologique.

Porto, Portugal (Romanicised as Portus Cale)

Porto, on the northern coast of Portugal, was a significant Roman port and trading center during the Roman era. The city’s Roman ruins include the remains of a 1st-century AD temple and several ancient bridges.

Romania

The entire region now known as Romania was heavily influenced by the Romans, who established numerous cities and settlements here during their occupation. The most famous Roman city in this area is Sarmizegetusa Regia, which served as the capital of Dacia.

Bordeaux, France (Romanicised as Burdigala)

Bordeaux was an important Roman port and administrative center in southwestern France during the Roman era. The city’s Roman ruins include a well-preserved 1st-century AD theatre and several ancient temples.

These cities offer a glimpse into the rich cultural heritage of the ancient Romans, who left their mark on various parts of Europe beyond Italy.

Rediscovering Ancient Roman Cities Abroad

Archaeological Finds and Restoration Efforts

The ancient Romans were known for their impressive cities, which were not limited to the Italian peninsula. There were numerous Roman cities located throughout Europe and beyond, many of which have been discovered through archaeological excavations.

Some of the greatest ancient Roman cities outside of Italy include

• Timgad, Algeria – This city was founded by the Romans in 100 AD and features a well-preserved amphitheater and basilica.
• Dougga, Tunisia – Located on a hilltop, this city boasts impressive ruins of temples, theaters, and other structures.
• Pompeii’s twin city Herculaneum, Italy (just outside the Italian peninsula) is not included but nearby towns like Salona in Croatia
• Caesarea Maritima, Israel – This ancient port city was once a major center of commerce and features impressive ruins of temples and public buildings.
• Tarraco, Spain – This city was founded by the Romans in 218 BC and boasts an impressive Roman forum and amphitheater.
• Salona, Croatia – Although just outside the Italian peninsula this well preserved ancient Roman town has been studied extensively
• Vindobona, Austria – This city was founded by the Romans in 15 BC as a military outpost and features impressive ruins of a bathhouse and forum.
• Salvianti, Italy just outside the Italian peninsula (close to France)
• Lugdunum, Switzerland – This city was founded by the Romans in 10 BC as a military outpost and features impressive ruins of a theater and amphitheater.
• Carthage, Tunisia – Although an ancient Phoenician/Carthaginian City later occupied by Roman forces it is included in some lists
• Scupi, North Macedonia – This city was founded by the Romans in 146 BC and features impressive ruins of a forum and public buildings.

Archaeological excavations have uncovered many ancient structures and artifacts in these cities. These findings provide valuable insights into the culture and daily life of the ancient Roman civilization, shedding light on their architectural styles, trade practices, and social dynamics.

Restoration efforts are often undertaken to preserve and protect these historical sites, which can be vulnerable to environmental degradation, human activity, or war damage. Archaeologists work alongside conservators, engineers, and other specialists to carefully uncover, clean, and restore ancient structures. In some cases, they also create replicas of destroyed buildings or artifacts, using the original materials whenever possible.

The process of restoration involves meticulous attention to detail and a deep understanding of historical context. Archaeologists must carefully analyze the site’s stratigraphy – the layering of deposits over time – to determine the sequence of events that led to its current state. They also consult with experts in various fields, such as architecture, engineering, art history, and materials science.

In recent years, advances in technology have greatly aided restoration efforts. Techniques such as laser scanning, 3D modeling, and digital preservation have enabled the creation of highly accurate replicas of ancient structures, which can be used for both educational purposes and to help guide conservation work.

The ancient Romans were known for their impressive urban planning, architecture, and engineering skills, which enabled them to establish a vast network of cities across the Mediterranean region. While Italy was home to many prominent Roman cities, including Rome itself, there are several notable Roman cities that can be found outside of the Italian peninsula.

One of these cities is Hadrian’s Wall, located in northern England. This fortified wall was built during the 2nd century AD by order of Emperor Hadrian to mark the northern boundary of the Roman Empire and to protect it from the Picts and other Celtic tribes.

Another significant Roman city is Silchester, which was an important urban center in southern England during the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. Silchester was a major commercial hub, with trade connections to Rome and other parts of Europe.

In Wales, there existed a thriving Roman city called Caerleon, also known as Isca Augusta. This fortified town was an important center for the Roman army in Britain during the 1st century AD. Caerleon featured impressive fortifications, including a massive amphitheater and several temples.

The ancient Romans also built a city on the site of modern-day Trier in western Germany. Known as Augusta Treverorum during the Roman era, Trier was an important center for trade and commerce, with connections to Italy, Gaul (modern-day France), and other parts of Europe.

In Belgium, there existed a Roman city called Maastricht, which was known as Treviris during the Roman period. This city was a significant commercial hub, with trade connections to Rome, Gaul, and other parts of Europe.

Another notable Roman city is Gorinchem in the Netherlands. Although not well-known today, Gorinchem was an important urban center during the Roman era, featuring impressive fortifications and a major commercial hub.

In France, there are several significant Roman cities, including Lutetia Parisiorum, which is the modern-day city of Paris. This city was founded by the Celts but later became an important urban center during the Roman era. Lutetia featured impressive fortifications and a major commercial hub.

Another significant Roman city in France is Narbonne, which was known as Narbona during the Roman period. This city was a major commercial hub, with trade connections to Rome, Gaul, and other parts of Europe.

In Spain, there existed a Roman city called Tarragona, also known as Tarraco during the Roman era. This city was an important urban center, featuring impressive fortifications, several temples, and a major commercial hub.

The ancient Romans also built a city on the site of modern-day Portugal’s Lisbon. Known as Olisipo during the Roman period, this city was an important commercial hub, with trade connections to Rome and other parts of Europe.

In North Africa, there existed several significant Roman cities, including Tunis, which was known as Carthago Nova during the Punic Wars but became Thysdrus during the Roman era. This city featured impressive fortifications and a major commercial hub, with trade connections to Rome, Gaul (modern-day France), and other parts of Europe.

These cities demonstrate the significant impact that the ancient Romans had on urban planning, architecture, engineering, and commerce in various regions across the Mediterranean region.

The excavation of Ephesus (modernday Selçuk, Turkey): A UNESCO World Heritage Site

The ancient city of Ephesus is a vast and well-preserved archaeological site located near the modern-day town of Selçuk, Turkey. It is one of the 11 greatest ancient Roman cities outside of Italy and has been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Ephesus was an important center of trade and commerce in the ancient world, situated on a strategic route between the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. The city’s location allowed it to flourish as a major port and commercial hub, attracting merchants and travelers from all over the Roman Empire.

The excavation of Ephesus began in the 20th century, with archaeological work taking place in several stages over the years. Today, visitors can explore a vast area of approximately 2 square kilometers that includes the ruins of temples, theaters, libraries, and other ancient buildings.

Some of the most notable landmarks at Ephesus include:

The Temple of Artemis: This massive temple was dedicated to the goddess Artemis and was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Although much of it has been destroyed over time, some remains can still be seen.

The Library of Celsus: This impressive library is one of the best-preserved structures at Ephesus and features a stunning façade with intricate carvings.

The Theater of Ephesus: This ancient theater has a seating capacity of over 25,000 people and hosted various performances, including gladiatorial contests and theatrical productions.

The Basilica of St. John: This beautiful basilica was built in the 6th century AD and is believed to be the site where Saint John wrote his Gospel.

Ephesus offers a unique glimpse into life in the ancient Roman world, with many artifacts on display at the nearby museum, including mosaics, sculptures, and other relics. Visitors can also explore the surrounding area, which includes a variety of archaeological sites, such as the ancient city of Magnesia-on-the-Maeander.

The excavation of Ephesus is an ongoing process, with new discoveries being made regularly. Visitors can walk in the footsteps of history and explore this incredible ancient city, which continues to captivate people around the world with its rich history and stunning architecture.

Lyon’s Roman Forum: A restoration project

Lyon, a city located in eastern France, boasts a rich history that dates back to the Roman era. The Roman Forum, also known as the Fausse Couronne, was once a vibrant and bustling area filled with temples, basilicas, and other important structures.

The Roman Forum in Lyon is significant because it provides a unique glimpse into the lives of ancient Romans living outside of Italy. The site has undergone extensive excavations and restoration work over the years, allowing archaeologists to uncover valuable artifacts and gain insights into daily life during that period.

Among the 11 greatest ancient Roman cities outside of Italy, Lyon stands out due to its strategic location near the confluence of the Rhone and Saône rivers. This made it an ideal hub for trade and commerce, drawing people from various parts of the empire.

The city’s Roman ruins are a testament to its importance during the Gallic-Roman era. Visitors can explore the remains of the Roman amphitheater, which was once used for gladiatorial contests and other public events. The site also features several ancient temples, including the Temple of Cybele and the Temple of Augustus.

One of the most impressive aspects of the Roman Forum in Lyon is its well-preserved Roman mosaics. These intricate designs were crafted by skilled artisans using small tiles made from stone or glass. Visitors can marvel at these stunning works of art, which provide a glimpse into the aesthetic tastes of ancient Romans.

Archaeological excavations have also uncovered evidence of a large public square, known as the Forum Vetus, which was once the heart of Lyon’s Roman city. This area features several impressive structures, including a basilica and a temple dedicated to Jupiter.

Today, visitors can explore these ancient ruins through guided tours or self-guided visits. The site has been carefully restored to preserve its historical significance while also making it accessible for the general public to enjoy.

In conclusion, Lyon’s Roman Forum is an essential destination for anyone interested in exploring the history and culture of ancient Rome outside of Italy. With its rich archaeological findings, impressive ruins, and well-preserved mosaics, this site offers a unique and captivating experience that will leave visitors with lasting memories.

The ancient Romans were known for their extensive reach and influence across Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. They established numerous cities outside of Italy that played a crucial role in their governance and trade networks.

Some of these cities still exist today, bearing witness to the engineering prowess and architectural grandeur of the Roman Empire. Here’s a list of 11 greatest ancient Roman cities outside of Italy

Corduba (Cordova), Spain

The Romans established Cordoba as a major center for trade, agriculture, and education in southern Iberia (present-day Andalusia). This city became a hub for the production of olive oil, wine, and textiles.

Augusta Emerita (Mérida), Spain

Located in western Extremadura, this Roman city was built as an honor to Emperor Augustus. Mérida boasts impressive remains, including a theater, amphitheater, and aqueduct.

Tarragona (Tarraco), Spain

This coastal city in Catalonia was founded by the Romans and became an essential port for trade between Italy and Gaul (present-day France). Tarragona boasts some of the best-preserved Roman ruins outside of Rome.

Lyon (Lugdunum), France

The Romans established Lyon as a key city in their Gallic provinces, where they merged local Celtic and Roman cultures. This city’s historical significance is evident through its beautifully preserved Roman theater and arena.

Nîmes (Nemausus), France

This southern French city boasts an impressive collection of well-preserved Roman landmarks, including a circus, amphitheater, and temple.

Aquincum (Budapest), Hungary

The Romans built Aquincum as their capital in the province of Pannonia. This city’s ruins include a theater, forum, and basilica, offering insights into Roman governance and daily life.

Thessaloniki (Thessalonica), Greece

This port city on the Aegean coast played an essential role in the Roman Empire’s trade with Asia Minor. Thessaloniki boasts stunning remains of a palace, hippodrome, and church.

Alexandria (Egypt)

The Romans established Alexandria as their capital in Egypt after the death of Cleopatra VII. This city was renowned for its massive library, where scholars could access an extensive collection of manuscripts from across the ancient world.

Timgad (Algeria)

This city in northeastern Algeria is famous for its well-preserved Roman ruins, including a forum, basilica, and theater. Timgad showcases the intricate planning that characterized Roman urban design.

Gerasa (Jerash), Jordan

This ancient city near Amman boasts some of the best-preserved Roman remains outside of Rome, including an amphitheater, forum, and colonnaded streets.

Dhivandar (Leptis Magna), Libya

The Romans established Leptis Magna as a major port city in the province of Cyrenaica, with impressive ruins that include temples, theaters, and public baths.

Cultural Legacy and Modern-Day Influence

Language, Art, and Architecture in the Present Day

The study of Language, Art, and Architecture provides valuable insights into the cultural heritage and historical context of ancient civilizations. In the case of the Ancient Romans, their cities were not only testaments to their engineering prowess but also reflected their values, politics, and aesthetics.

One of the most striking aspects of Ancient Roman urban planning was the emphasis on grandeur and monumental architecture. Their cities featured imposing structures such as temples, basilicas, and amphitheaters that served both practical and symbolic purposes. These buildings not only showcased the power and wealth of the Empire but also provided public spaces for citizens to gather, socialize, and engage in civic activities.

The Art of the Ancient Romans was characterized by its blend of Greek influences and Roman innovations. They excelled in various mediums such as sculpture, mosaics, and painting, often using materials like marble, bronze, and glass to create intricate and ornate works. Their artistic expressions often reflected their fascination with mythology, nature, and human experiences.

Language played a crucial role in the daily life of Ancient Romans, with Latin serving as the lingua franca for communication among citizens, merchants, and officials across the Empire. The written word was used to convey laws, official decrees, literature, and philosophical ideas, demonstrating the importance placed on education and literacy.

When it comes to the 11 greatest ancient Roman cities outside of Italy, some notable examples include:

Carthage (Tunisia): Founded by Phoenician colonizers in 814 BCE, Carthage became a major commercial hub and strategic ally for Rome. The city’s impressive architecture, including the Byrsa Hill citadel and the Punic Forum, showcased Roman engineering skills.

Volubilis (Morocco): A significant archaeological site featuring well-preserved mosaics, temples, and other ancient structures, Volubilis offers a glimpse into the lives of Roman citizens in North Africa.

Caesarea Maritima (Israel): This coastal city was founded by Herod the Great as a major port and administrative center. Its ruins include impressive stone structures such as the Roman Theatre and the Caesarea Lighthouse.

Leptis Magna (Libya): A UNESCO World Heritage Site, Leptis Magna boasts an extensive collection of Roman architecture, including temples, theaters, and even a massive amphitheater.

Timgad (Algeria): This ancient city is famous for its unique grid-like street plan and impressive public buildings such as the Forum and the Basilica of Timgad.

Thugga (Tunisia): A Roman province capital featuring numerous archaeological sites, including a triumphal arch, temples, and a forum, Thugga offers valuable insights into the cultural heritage of North Africa.

Sbeitla (Tunisia): This ancient city boasts an impressive collection of ruins, including a temple complex dedicated to Jupiter and a triumphal arch.

Gades (Spain): Founded by Phoenician settlers in 1100 BCE, Gades became a significant cultural and economic center during Roman rule. The city’s impressive architecture includes the Cathedral of San Isidoro and the ancient theater.

Dionysos (Libya): This ancient city features an extensive collection of ruins, including temples, theaters, and even a hippodrome – a rare example of a Roman sports arena outside Italy.

Lemniscata (Tunisia): A fascinating archaeological site featuring an impressive Roman theater and other public buildings, Lemniscata showcases the architectural skills of ancient Roman engineers.

Each of these cities offers a unique perspective on the language, art, and architecture of Ancient Rome, demonstrating the lasting impact of their cultural achievements on human civilization as a whole.

The ancient Romans were known for their impressive expansion beyond the Italian peninsula, leaving behind a legacy of cities that continue to fascinate us today. Among these cities are 11 greatest ancient Roman cities outside of Italy that showcase the engineering prowess, architectural innovation, and cultural achievements of the Roman Empire.

These cities played significant roles in the Roman expansionist agenda, serving as administrative centers, military outposts, or commercial hubs. They also reflect the diverse cultures and traditions of the territories conquered by Rome, showcasing a blend of Roman architecture, local styles, and unique features.

Roman Dacia (Modern-day Romania) – Founded in 101 AD by Emperor Trajan, Roman Dacia was a province that existed from 106 to 270 AD. The city’s strategic location on the Danube River made it an essential hub for trade and military campaigns. Its ruins include impressive Roman roads, bridges, and fortifications.

• Thessalonica (Modern-day Greece) – Established in 315 BC by the ancient Macedonians, Thessalonica was conquered by Rome in 168 BC. The city’s rich history is reflected in its well-preserved ancient architecture, including the iconic
• Arch of Galerius, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• Tarraco (Modern-day Spain) – Founded in 218 BC as a Roman settlement, Tarraco was an important commercial center and military base. Its ruins feature impressive
• Roman baths, temples, and public buildings that showcase the city’s significance during the Roman Empire.
• Lugo (Modern-day Portugal) – Established by the Romans in 13 BC, Lugo is one of the best-preserved Roman cities outside of Italy. Its walls and gates are remarkably intact, giving visitors a glimpse into life under Roman rule.
• Caesaraugusta (Modern-day Zaragoza, Spain) – Founded by Emperor Augustus in 16 BC, Caesaraugusta was an important center for trade and commerce. Its ruins feature impressive
• Roman theater, amphitheater, and public baths.
• Lyon (Modern-day France) – Established by the Romans in 43 BC as a major commercial center, Lyon is one of the largest Roman cities outside of Italy. Its stunning
• Roman ruins, including the remains of the Roman Theater and the Arch of Triumph, are a testament to its significance.
• New Carthage (Modern-day Cartagena, Spain) – Founded by the Romans in 228 BC as a strategic port city, New Carthage was an important hub for trade and commerce. Its ruins feature impressive
• Roman walls, fortifications, and public buildings.
• Philipopolis (Modern-day Plovdiv, Bulgaria) – Established by the Romans in 4 AD as a major commercial center, Philipopolis is one of the largest Roman cities outside of Italy. Its stunning
• Roman architecture, including the remains of the ancient amphitheater and theater, are a testament to its significance.
• Nimes (Modern-day France) – Founded by the Romans in 46 BC as a major commercial center, Nimes is one of the best-preserved Roman cities outside of Italy. Its stunning
• Roman Colosseum, arena, and public baths are a testament to its importance.
• Pompeii’s Sister City (Modern-day Pompeiopolis, Turkey) – Established by the Romans in 62 BC as a strategic port city, Pompeiopolis is one of the largest Roman cities outside of Italy. Its stunning
• Roman ruins, including the remains of the ancient amphitheater and theater, are a testament to its significance.

The 11 greatest ancient Roman cities outside of Italy showcase the engineering prowess, architectural innovation, and cultural achievements of the Roman Empire. These cities continue to fascinate us today with their rich history, well-preserved ruins, and unique features that reflect the diverse cultures and traditions of the territories conquered by Rome.

The impact of Latin on modern languages

The influence of Latin on modern languages is a profound and far-reaching one. As the dominant language of the ancient Roman Empire, it spread throughout Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia, leaving an indelible mark on the development of numerous languages.

Latin’s impact can be seen in many areas, including vocabulary, grammar, and syntax. Many modern languages have borrowed words from Latin to describe various concepts, objects, and ideas. For example, English has adopted Latin-derived words such as “captain” (from “capitaneus”), “library” (from “liberarium”), and “education” (from “educare”).

In addition to vocabulary, Latin’s grammatical structures have also been incorporated into many modern languages. For instance, the use of cases in English is inherited from Latin, where nouns are classified as nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, or vocative.

Moreover, the concept of tenses and moods in Latin has influenced the development of verb conjugations in many modern languages. The distinction between indicative and subjunctive moods, for example, is still observed in English.

The influence of Latin on modern languages can also be seen in their phonology. Many languages have adopted Latin-derived sounds and sound combinations, such as the use of the “ch” sound in German (“Buch”) or the “th” sound in English (this).

Here are 11 ancient Roman cities outside of Italy that played a significant role in shaping the course of history

• Gaula, located near modern-day Metz, France. Gaula was an important fortified city on the Rhine River, serving as a key stronghold for the Roman legions.
• Lugdunum , now known as Lyon in France. Lugdunum was a major commercial center and strategic military outpost, situated at the confluence of the Rhône and Saône rivers.
• Vindobona , now known as Vienna in Austria. Vindobona was an important fort along the Danube River, serving as a key hub for trade and cultural exchange.
• Danubia , located near modern-day Regensburg in Germany. Danubia was an ancient fortified city that played a crucial role in the Roman Empire’s expansion into Eastern Europe.
• Legio , now known as Leoben in Austria. Legio was a major military base and strategic outpost along the Danube River.
• Taurunum , located near modern-day Zemun in Serbia. Taurunum was an important fortified city on the Danube River, serving as a key hub for trade and commerce.
• Aquincum , now known as Budapest in Hungary. Aquincum was a major Roman settlement that served as a center of culture, learning, and administration.
• Vindonissa , located near modern-day Windisch in Switzerland. Vindonissa was an important fortified city on the Rhine River, serving as a key stronghold for the Roman legions.
• Salona , now known as Solin in Croatia. Salona was an ancient Roman port city and commercial center that served as a major hub for trade and cultural exchange.

Romanesque architecture’s enduring influence

The architectural style of the Romanesque period, which spanned from approximately the 10th to the mid-12th century, has had a lasting impact on Western architecture. Characterized by the use of rounded arches, barrel vaults, and squat columns, Romanesque structures exuded a sense of solidity and grandeur that helped establish a new standard for building design.

One key aspect of Romanesque architecture’s enduring influence was its spread throughout Europe during the Middle Ages. As Christian monasteries and churches were built in various regions, they adopted elements of Romanesque style to create local variations while still adhering to the fundamental principles of the original design. This process of adaptation allowed for the development of diverse styles within a common framework.

Among the 11 greatest ancient Roman cities outside Italy are notable examples of Romanesque architecture. For instance, Rome’s Forum Romanum in Ostia Antica features imposing ruins that reflect the monumental scale typical of Roman construction during this period. Another standout example is the fortified city of Ravenna, known for its stunning mosaics and early Christian churches, which exemplify the eclecticism of Romanesque art.

The influence of Romanesque architecture can be seen in various subsequent styles that followed, such as Gothic, Renaissance, and even Baroque. The transition from Romanesque to these succeeding styles involved gradual changes to architectural elements like column designs, ceiling treatments, and the use of light to create atmosphere within buildings.

Another significant factor contributing to the long-lasting impact of Romanesque architecture was its ability to transcend geographical boundaries and adapt to different social contexts. In regions with varying cultural influences, such as Moorish Spain or Eastern Europe under Byzantine rule, architectural styles evolved while retaining key elements that connected them back to their shared heritage.

Notable examples of Romanesque-influenced buildings include

• Notre Dame de Chartres in France – This magnificent church is one of the earliest surviving examples of Gothic architecture and features distinctive pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and soaring columns that built upon Romanesque foundations.
• St. Mark’s Basilica in Venice, Italy – Although technically still within Italy, this masterpiece demonstrates Byzantine influence blended with Romanesque elements to create an otherworldly atmosphere, characterized by intricate mosaics and golden domes.
• Burgos Cathedral in Spain – This stunning example of Gothic architecture incorporates key elements from its Romanesque heritage, showcasing a striking blend of ornate vaults, delicate arches, and an impressive central tower.
• Cologne Cathedral in Germany – Constructed over many centuries, this imposing cathedral represents the culmination of Romanesque-Gothic influences that contributed to its majestic status as one of Europe’s greatest architectural landmarks.

In conclusion, Romanesque architecture has left an indelible mark on Western building design by spreading across regions and cultures. Its legacy can be seen in numerous styles, including Gothic, Renaissance, and even Baroque, making it a pivotal factor shaping the visual landscape of Europe during the Middle Ages.

The ancient Romans expanded their empire far beyond the borders of modern-day Italy, leaving behind a legacy of impressive cities that continue to fascinate historians and archaeologists today. Here are 11 of the greatest ancient Roman cities outside of Italy:

Thugga (present-day Dougga), Tunisia

Located in what is now Tunisia, Thugga was an important city in the province of Africa Proconsularis during the Roman period. The city’s ruins feature a well-preserved forum, basilica, and amphitheater, as well as several temples and a triumphal arch.

Timgad (Thamugadi), Algeria

Timgad was a strategic outpost on the border of the Sahara Desert, founded by Emperor Trajan in 100 AD. The city’s grid plan is still visible today, with its central forum, basilica, and several temples and monuments.

Leptis Magna (Lepcis Magna), Libya

Once a major center of trade and commerce, Leptis Magna was an important city in the province of Tripolitania during the Roman period. Its ruins feature an impressive forum, basilica, and amphitheater, as well as several temples and a triumphal arch.

Sabratha (Sabratha), Libya

Located on the Mediterranean coast, Sabratha was another important city in Tripolitania during the Roman period. Its ruins feature an impressive theater, basilica, and forum, as well as several temples and a triumphal arch.

Cyrene (Sha’barim), Libya

Founded by Greek colonists in 630 BC, Cyrene was later absorbed into the Roman Empire and became a major center of learning and culture. Its ruins feature an impressive theater, basilica, and several temples, as well as a famous agora.

Viminacium (Kostolac), Serbia

Viminacium was the capital of the Roman province of Moesia during the 1st century AD. Its ruins feature an impressive forum, basilica, and several temples, as well as a large palace complex.

Sardica (Sofia), Bulgaria

Sardica was an important city in the Roman province of Moesia during the 2nd century AD. Its ruins feature an impressive forum, basilica, and several temples, as well as a large palace complex.

Aquincum (Buda), Hungary

Aquincum was the capital of the Roman province of Pannonia during the 2nd century AD. Its ruins feature an impressive forum, basilica, and several temples, as well as a large palace complex.

Plovdiv (Philippopolis), Bulgaria

Plovdiv was an important city in the Roman province of Thrace during the 1st century AD. Its ruins feature an impressive theater, basilica, and several temples, as well as a large palace complex.

Lugdunum (Lyons), France

Lugdunum was one of the most important cities in Roman Gaul during the 1st century AD. Its ruins feature an impressive forum, basilica, and several temples, as well as a large palace complex.

Carnuntum (Petronell-Carnuntum), Austria

Carnuntum was an important city in the Roman province of Pannonia during the 1st century AD. Its ruins feature an impressive forum, basilica, and several temples, as well as a large palace complex.

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Thomas Johnson

Metropolis Maven at manufactured1987.com

Meet Thomas Johnson, the Metropolis Maven and creative force behind this site. With a keen eye for urban intricacies, Thomas delves into the pulse of metropolises, weaving compelling narratives that capture the essence of city life. As a seasoned storyteller, his writings illuminate the hidden stories within towering skyscrapers and bustling streets. Thomas invites readers to explore the dynamic interplay of cultures, architecture, and human experiences that define the modern urban landscape.

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